them between the <%= and %> character
sequences.
But it is difficult to do much programming just by putting Java expressions
inside HTML.
JSP also allows you to write blocks of Java code inside the JSP.
You do this by placing your Java code between <% and
%>
characters (just like expressions, but without the = sign
at the start of the sequence.)
This block of code is known as a "scriptlet". By itself, a scriptlet
doesn't contribute any HTML (though it can, as we will see down below.)
A scriptlet contains Java code that is executed every time the JSP is invoked.
Here is a modified version of our JSP from previous section, adding
in a scriptlet.
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
// This is a scriptlet. Notice that the "date"
// variable we declare here is available in the
// embedded expression later on.
System.out.println( "Evaluating date now" );
java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();
%>
Hello! The time is now <%= date %>
</BODY>
</HTML>
If you run the above example, you will notice the output from the "System.out.println"
on the server log. This is a convenient way to do simple debugging
(some servers also have techniques of debugging the JSP in the IDE.
See your server's documentation to see if it offers such a technique.)
By itself a scriptlet does not generate HTML. If a scriptlet wants
to generate HTML, it can use a variable called "out". This
variable does not need to be declared. It is already predefined for
scriptlets, along with some other variables. The following example
shows how the scriptlet can generate HTML output.
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
// This scriptlet declares and initializes "date"
System.out.println( "Evaluating date now" );
java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();
%>
Hello! The time is now
<%
// This scriptlet generates HTML output
out.println( String.valueOf( date ));
%>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Here, instead of using an expression, we are generating the HTML directly
by printing to the "out" variable. The "out" variable
is of type javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter.
Another very useful pre-defined variable is "request".
It is of type javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest
A "request" in server-side processing refers to the transaction between
a browser and the server. When someone clicks or enters a URL, the
browser sends a "request" to the server for that URL, and shows the data
returned. As a part of this "request", various data is available,
including the file the browser wants from the server, and if the request
is coming from pressing a SUBMIT button, the information the user has entered
in the form fields.
The JSP "request" variable is used to obtain information from
the request as sent by the browser. For instance, you can find out
the name of the client's host (if available, otherwise the IP address will
be returned.) Let us modify the code as shown:
<HTML>
<BODY>
<%
// This scriptlet declares and initializes "date"
System.out.println( "Evaluating date now" );
java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();
%>
Hello! The time is now
<%
out.println( date );
out.println( "<BR>Your machine's address is " );
out.println( request.getRemoteHost());
%>
</BODY>
</HTML>
A similar variable is "response". This can be used to affect the
response being sent to the browser. For instance, you can call response.sendRedirect(
anotherUrl ); to send a response to the browser that it should load
a different URL. This response will actualy go all the way to the
browser. The browser will then send a different request, to "anotherUrl".
This is a little different from some other JSP mechanisms we will come
across, for including another page or forwarding the browser to another
page.
Exercise: Write a JSP to output the entire line, "Hello!
The time is now ..." but use a scriptlet for the complete string, including
the HTML tags.
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